Air Lift Fermenter

Air Lift Fermenter Summary : Fermentation is a process involve microbial cells to breakdown or catabolise the organic compounds into smaller molecules. Fermentation is performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The end products of fermentation are our daily products such as alcohol, vitamins, enzymes rennets, antibiotics such as penicillin and lactic acid. In the fermentation process, it is very crucial to maintain optimum mixing and aeration in the reaction. Optimum mixing is to ensure best amount of products conversion as well as to avoid wastage of biomass and substrate. Whereas, aeration is the oxygen transfer rate, also the rate-limiting step in the aerobic bioprocess which is very crucial in design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Mixing and aeration in the fermenter is carried out by air-lift or mechanical agitators. Air-lift fermenter uses air injected from the bottom of its draft-tube, while mechanical type uses motor driven shaft agitator. Both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator are d iffer in mixing, aeration, biological efficiency, energy consumption, operation and construction, application and cost. Different types of fermentation biomass and substrates characteristic is the factor to determine types of air-lift or mechanical agitators to be used. Introduction : Advances of biotechnology today has been making use of microbiology in different perceptions of the natural processes to produce our daily products such as cheese, antibiotics, alcohols, biofuel, hormones, microbial enzymes such as rennets and vitamins. The process employed to produce these products is known as fermentation, in which catabolism of organic compound take place. The breakdown of the organic compounds is performed by microorganisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to yield end-products that are our daily products as mentioned (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). In the process of fermentation, the microbial cells obtain energy through glycolysis to break down the complex organic compounds to simpler molecules. Usually, the by product of the process is excreted by the cell in the form of acetone, lactic acid and alcohol. In the history of fermentation, in year 1680 Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first biologist discover the process through fermenting beer under observation with microscope (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Later, in the 19th century, Louise Pasteur discovered and understood the process of fermenting alcohol by using yeast to convert sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxides(Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Besides, in 1929 Alexander Fleming discovered the production of antibiotics Penicillin to fight against bacteria infection (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Since then, various antibiotics are produced by fermentation using various bacteria and fungi. There are several factors to be taken into accounts as designing the fermenters such as scale-up issues, fermenter types, impeller types, immobilised systems, peripheral equipment and fermenter measurements. Impeller plays a vital role in mixing during fermentation because it maintains optimum substrate and biomass concentration in the fermenter throughout the whole process. It also keeps the solids suspended, disperse oxygen to keep maximum total bubble surface area and entrap air bubbles to avoid the air escape before all the oxygen is dissolved (Freitas C. et al. 2000). Fundamentally, there are 2 apparatus used for mixing which are the mechanical agitators and the air-lift fermenters. Air-lift fermenters are sometimes known as the bubble column, can be divided into free rise, draft tube, propeller-assisted and pumped liquid jet-assisted. Air-lift fermenter Air-lift fermenter is an efficient contactor for the reactions involved gases, liquids and solids. There are two types of air-lift fermenters which are the internal loop and the external loop. The internal loop has a draft tube in its inner tube, in which the up-flowing gasses liquid and the down-flowing liquid is separated by the draft tube. Draft tubes are used in some processes to promote better mass transfer, mixing and inducing circulatory motion to reduce bubble coalescence. The external loop has two streams flow in two separate pipes connected at top and bottom. In this way, the air-lift fermenters improve the circulation and oxygen transfer and equalize shear forces in the reactor. Both of the internal and external loop air-lift fermenters have been investigated to the hydrodynamic behaviour and other design factors (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). The figure below shows the structure of an air-lift bioreactor with an internal loop. Unlike the mechanical agitation system, air-lift fermenters do not have motor, shaft and impeller blades. As such, the mixture inside the fermenters is agitated by injecting air from the bottom of the tube. Sterile atmospheric air is injected into the fermenters if the microorganism is aerobic, while for the anaerobic microorganism is fed with inert gas (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mixing in air-lift fermenters is very gentle hence it is suitable for batch culture of shear sensitive cells and tissues such as the mammalian and plant cells (European patent application 2009). Likewise, high shearing stress causes damage to cells could be avoided. Batch culture of plant and animal cells can be cost intensive. However, in cases where the demand for the plant or animals culture products is low and batch cycles are long, the high capital cost can exclude the economical production (European patent application 2009). One of the application of air-lift fermenters is the large scale producti on of monoclonal antibodies (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mechanical Agitators Stirred tank fermenters are most commonly used in fermentation. It is a cylindrical vessel with an agitator driven by motor to stir the mixture contents in the tank. There two types of agitator used which are the top-entry stirrer and the bottom entry stirrer. The top entry stirrer is more commonly used because the operation is easier to manage, more reliable and robust, whereas the bottom entry model is rarely to be used. The bench scale fermenters are usually made of borosilicate glass with a stainless steel lid. In the laboratory, top-entry stirrer is used, which consist of a motor attached to the shaft and together with impellers (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The criterias of manufacturing the fermenters are the high grade of stainless steel, a well-polished internal surface to prevent adhesion of contents to the fermenters walls, and contain smooth joints and free of pin holes to avoid de-mixing. The typical volume of the fermenter used in the laboratory is range from 1 to 10 0 litres (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The figure below is the basic structure of a stirred tank fermenter. There are several categories of mechanical mixing equipment, the types of mechanical drivers require to accommodate speed, shaft and power; the kinds of impellers used for specific process, the needs to seal the tanks to against high pressure caused by the processes and stabilization of the impellers devices and the steady bearings in the tank (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The main purpose of the mechanical agitator is to provide homogenous mixing, provide aeration and removal of waste gaseous such as carbon dioxide produced during the fermentation process. Usually, the agitator is consisted of motor driven shaft with impellers of 4 to 6 blades. Several types of impellers are more commonly used which are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. Among the three, Rushton turbine is most commonly used because its design is more simple, easy operation methods and its robustness (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Figure 3 and 4 illustrate the structure of Ruston turbine and marine impeller. However, mixing in the fermenter is poor and energy intensive as scaling up the process. The problem caused will affect the concentration, reaction rate and heat removal. Therefore, baffles will be used in the fermentation process to prevent energy waste in bulk circulation and to introduce liquid slurry turbulence in order to ensure better mixing, better suspension of solids and better retention of air bubbles. The baffles are fixed on the wall of the fermenters. Both of the action of agitators and baffle produce axial and radial flow patterns in the mixing contents and prevent formation of vortex (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Compare and contrast the relative merits of air-lift and mechanical agitator Air-lift and mechanical agitator are widely employed in chemical and bioprocessing reaction as the efficient machine for mass and heat transfer. Both of the fermenters are applied in different types of mixture nature. For instance, air-lift fermenter has gentle agitation and low cost oxygen transfer, hence it is only suitable for less viscous liquid. Whereas, mechanical agitator fermenter perform poorly in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, not aerated at high rate and has relatively poor mixing pattern as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, the mechanical fermenter has broader range of application as compared to the air-lift fermenter (Abashar M. E. E. 2002). Biological efficiency In terms of biological efficiency, the mechanical type of fermenter is more efficient as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, due to the simplicity operation of air-lift fermenter, it is useful in the laboratory teaching and research. In a laboratory experiment, air-lift fermenter has successfully produce antibiotics, enzymes, microbial cells and vitamins for microbial analysis (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Operation and construction The operation of the air-lift fermenter is much simple and easier than the mechanical agitator fermenter. This is illustrated by the control of temperature in the air-lift fermenter, in which the temperature is readily controlled in an incubator or by attaching a heating tape externally to adjust to higher temperature. The construction of air-lift fermenter also more simpler as compared to the mechanical agitator fermenter, as such air-lift fermenter is applicable to continuous and semicontinuous fermentation. The effect of various gas mixture on microbial growth can be readily studied by the air-lift fermenter because the propagation of obligate thermophilic bacteria at 55 C has been successful (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Mixing and aeration In comparison of mixing in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, the conventional mechanical agitator performs relatively poorer than the air-lift fermenter. Also, conventional agitator has lower aeration rate due to its impeller flooding. Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) had find out a better solution to overcome the limitation by creating mechanically stirred hybrid airlift bioreactor. This hybrid airlift bioreactor had one or more downward pumping axial flow impeller located at the bottom of the reactor. It able to overcome the limitation of both the mechanical and airlift reactor by providing confined annular zone with better aeration system. It also manages to improve the directional and fluid circulation for the suspending solids and minimize concentration gradients between nutrients and oxygen to the substrate (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In the other case, mechanical agitator, the marine propeller is installed at the bottom of the draft-tube, to carry out a fermentation of highly viscous non-Newtonian media with Saccharopolyspora erythraea broth. The results show that the yield of antibiotic erythromycin was increased by 45% compared to the air-lift configuration or conventional mechanical agitator fermenter alone. In another study, highly viscous broth of mircrofungus N. sitophila was fermented in the airlift fermenter with low-shear axial flow impeller. The end result obtained from hybrid reactor shown that it is more effective as compared to the conventional Rushton turbine-stirred fermenter (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In short, installation of mechanical agitator such as marine propeller or impeller in the draft-tube of air-lift fermenter can significantly improve the fluid circulation and hence increase viscous aerobic fermentation. Energy consumption Energy consumption of an operation system is the major constitute of the capital cost in one production. Generally, the energy consumption of air-lift fermenter is relatively lower than the mechanical agitator fermenter. In a production of a single cell protein, a low pressure air-lift fermenter was designed to reduce the energy usage. The fermenter broth was kept below 120cm in depth and air is injected to supply the oxygen, also to cool and agitate the broth. In this way, the low pressure air-lift fermenter reduces the energy consumption by producing 1 kWh/kg of protein, which could save 70% of energy as compared to mechanical agitator. Hence, it eliminates the investment of mechanical agitators, air compressors and heat exchangers (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). In contrast to mechanical agitator fermenter, air-lift fermenter has higher efficiency in mass transfer at the same power input. This is because air-lift fermenter is not using mechanical agitation, which in turn makes mass transfer perform faster (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). The application prove mechanical agitator has lower mass transfer is the performance of Rushton turbine impeller which involve high cells densities to support oxygen transfer rate and also the highly viscous broth cause turbulence and result in the poor mass transfer. However, air-lift fermenter with the draft tube manages to give better mixing and fluid circulation result in better mass transfer efficiency (Boodhoo K. 2006). An example of mechanical agitator, submerged agitating system is used in gas-liquid mixture. The mechanically rotational agitator is used to intensify the turbulent mixture between gas and liquid. In this system, pressurized gas is injected through the spargers to the agitating area, in the form of bigger bubbles which then broken into smaller bubbles by the mechanical agitators mixing power. However, the efficiency of the power consumption is generally greater in the mechanical agitator. Nonetheless, mechanical agitator also increase the residence time of the bubble and caused efficient gas-liquid mass transfer. However, the relative complication of the mechanical agitator has counterbalance the energy efficiency. Mechanical system complications includes driving motors, gear reducers, submerged agitators, long shaft and the expensive gas compression system (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). Cost Capital cost is the main factor to be considered in the industrial fermentation process. Fermenter cooling, mass transport between nutrients and microorganism and oxygen transfer are the main factors in affecting the design of the fermenter. The high demand of substrate to the oxygen amount increase the energy cost and caused significant increase in the production cost. Due to the simplicity operation in air-lift fermenter, it is generally lower in cost than the mechanical agitator fermenter (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). This is because mechanical system involves extensive pipe lines, diffusers, distribution manifolds, expensive compressor and filtration system. As a result, it caused high power cost and capital costs. Moreover, the frequent plugging of the diffusers make the maintenance for the mechanical system is very troublesome particularly in the reaction involve solids such as aerobic wastewater treatment and industrial fermentation (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009) . Conclusion Both of the air-lift fermenter and mechanical agitator is used in the fermenter tube to aid in mixing and aeration. Mixing is very important to ensure optimum homogenous mixture of substrate and biomass throughout the entire process. Air-lift fermenter is suitable to plant and mammalian cells fermentation due to its low shear rate, protect cells from damage. The application of air-lift fermentation is the production of monoclonal antibodies. Whereas, mechanical agitator is more vigorous compare to air-lift fermenter, hence it is not suitable for fermentation involve plant and animal cells. The examples of the mechanical agitators are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. In the above, comparisons was made between both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator in terms of biological efficiency, operation and construction, mixing and aeration, energy consumption and cost. Mechanical agitator has better biological efficiency than the air-lift fermente r, but air-lift fermenter has better mass transfer rate at the same power input. The operation and construction of air-lift fermenter is less complex than mechanical agitator. Likewise, energy consumption is relatively lower in air-lift fermenter. Nonetheless, both of the fermenters agitator types have its pros and cons. Choice of fermenter types is depend on the fermenter substrates and biomass biological nature. References : Abashar M. E. E. (2002) Influence of Hydrodynamic Flow Regimes on the Prediction of Gas Hold-up and Liquid Circulationin Airlift Reactors. Journal of King Saud University 16 (2) : 97-111. AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR (2009) [Online] Available from : http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/4/1/31.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Bloch H.P. and Soares C. (2007) Mixers and Agitators. Process Plant Machinery 2nd edition. Page 617-631. Boodhoo K. (2006) Intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer using porous impellers for application to an E.coli batch fermentation process. Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. (1986) Low-Pressure Airlift Fermenter for Single Cell Protein Production: I. Design and Oxygen Transfer Studies. [Online] Available from : http://people.clarkson.edu/class/ch465/Airlift%20fermenter%201986.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) Oxygen transfer and mixing in mechanically agitated airlift bioreactors. Journal of biochemical engineering 10 (2): 143-153. European patent application (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0343885.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Fermentation, Chapter 1 (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.coe.uga.edu/ttie/documents/biotech.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Freitas C., Fialov M., Zahradnik J. Teixeira J. A. (2000) Hydrodynamics of a three-phase external-loop airlift bioreactor. Journal of Chemical Engineering Science 55 (21) 4961-4972.

Creation verses Evolution Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many beliefs about how we came to be. There is the religious belief, there is the â€Å"Big Bang† theory, and there is the belief that we evolved from lower life forms. Its hard to say exactly how life came to be and who have the right answer. A person can take one of the two views on the origin of life. Either they believe there is a creator (creationist) or they believe (evolutionist) but with a thorough examination of scientific evidence one must believe that evolution is the basis for our existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of creation varies with each of the world’s many religions; not providing creationists with a stable ground to inform on. Creationist’s believe in a supreme creator, who is responsible for the universe and everything natural that it contains. Creationists believe in Genesis to prove that evolutionists’ theories are false. Mostly everyone know the book they refer to The Holy Bible, and in the book of Geneses chapter 2 verse 19 â€Å"and out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air† is what the creationist whole true. Although evolution is seen throughout nature and proven by ancient fossils, they still disagree with the thought. Creationists include a type of evolution as necessary in their studies. This form of evolution is called â€Å"micro-evolution†, or variation within a type of organism occurs. This means that small changes take place like a frog grows web feet to swim b etter. Large-scale change of one type of organism to another is known as â€Å"macro-evolution†; apes changing to humans. Creationists believe this type of evolution is beyond the ability of mutation or natural selection which the evolutionists believe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creationists believe that Adam and Eve were the first human beings to walk the planet, and each of us is a descendant of the two. Evolutionist challenge this because Adam and Eve could only be one race but there are several different race of people – in a wide range of colors. There are too many unanswered questions to support the theory of creation but taking the evolutionist point of view can clear things up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evolutionists believe in their experiments and sciences to prove the creatio... ...oubts the fact of evolution is adequately clear. We do not need a listing of evidences to demonstrate the fact of evolution no more than we need to demonstrate the existence of mountain rangesâ€Å". (Wysong 23).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodosis Dobzhansky a geneticist who was quoted saying â€Å"Evolution as a historical fact was proved beyond a reasonable doubt not later than in the closing decades of the19th century. No one who takes the trouble to become familiar with the pertinent evidence has at present a valid reason that the living world, including man, is a product of evolutionary developmentâ€Å". (Wysong 23) Works Cited Hyperspace. A BBC video. With Sam Niel. Jason Browning, Dr. Gerald Lenner, Mark Rajock. Creation Science. 1997 http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Did man get here by Evolution Or by Creation?. Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania and International Bible student Association. Life how did it get here. Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A. Wysong, R.L. The Creation Evolution Controversy. 1st ed. 1976. The Holy Bible, King James Version.

Improving Schools Essay

There are many improvements that can be made to our school. These improvements will progress the school into a higher grade of learning for students. There are many different facets to our school and small, inexpensive, environmentally friendly changes need to be made. Making changes to the school will help the students achieve higher grades, and therefore have even more university and college acceptance. Improvements such as free internet, a library on campus and free parking will for sure be solutions with a positive aftermath. My first suggestion to improving the school is free internet. Internet can be a positive solution for those students in St. Louis that English is not their first language. They can access translation sites to help them better understand the reading material and course assignments. Diagrams for courses with maps and graphs can be accessed on the internet. This will save paper for teacher, therefore creating a more environmentally friendly place and also will help students see the diagrams first hand in colour. We have decided as a democratic society that education is a right, with this right we must provide the tools to make it accessible, the internet will further progress students learning in variable ways. My second suggestion is that we have a library on campus. Through the library we can borrow books; this is a great solution to those who can’t afford to buy books. Buying books outside of school can be expensive and what can you do with them after you read them, borrowing them for the library is a simple and environmentally friendly solution. The library is a good place also to work on assignments and group projects on the lunch hour, this helps students get the work done and hand it in on time and also provides a work space other than their house. In addition to the above point, since we decided education is a right, it is imperative that a library be added for those who can’t afford a computer, internet etc. A library is a place for those to access the tools to have a better learning experience such as typing out assignments and accessing internet for class. We have decided education is a right but again we must provide to make that right available to all. Lastly, we should have free parking. Free parking has many positive variables. For instance, if we issue free parking for students we could insist that students carpool to reduce parking space demand, this will also lower our ecological footprint and therefore be good for everyone. Students coming from Cambridge, have a hour long bus ride to  get to the Kitchener campus and most of them have to come to the the Kitchener campus because Cambridge doesn’t offer University level courses. Free parking would make that drive less of a hassle that it already is. Also many students as St. Louis have kids and or a job. Free parking would aid in getting to work on time, or getting their child from daycare on time. In conclusion, our school has made a great start. But it is time to make even more effort to make students success more efficient. With solutions like free internet, a library and free parking we will reduce our ecological impact, make student life more enjoyable, and having a higher acceptance to University and College. We have decided that schooling is a right, with that we need to give students what they need to succeed. Our society will better from educated people that can support themselves, rather than people that depend on society. Education is not only for the now, it is forever.

Causes of Wwii Webquest - 1145 Words

WebQuest: Causes of World War II Directions for the WebQuest Guide: The following guide lines up directly with the website for the WebQuest. As you follow through the Process part of the WebQuest, use the guide to summarize information from the websites, typing your answers directly into the guide. Main Causes of WWII 1. Treaty of Versailles a. Unfair Blame Reparations Army Territory b. Explain what each letter stands for (include more than just the word!!) i. When Germans found out about the Treaty of Versailles they felt pain, anger and that is was unfair. ii. Germans claimed they were NOT to blame for the war. iii. Germans hated reparations, and believed they were trying to starve†¦show more content†¦He was convinced that Britain would leave Russia fighting Hitler alone. 4. Britain delayed – Lord Halifax refused Stalin’s offer of a meeting and Stalin got fed up with British delay. xv. Why did the Nazi-Soviet Pact happen? List each piece of THUG and briefly explain. 5. Time to prepare for war – ‘We got peace for our country for 18months, which let us make military preparations’. - Stalin 6. Hope to gain – ‘Stalin was sure that Russia could only gain from a long war in which Britain, France and Germany exhausted themselv es.’ 7. Unhappy with Britain - Stalin was insulted by Britain’s slowness and negotiates, and did not trust Britain. When Anglo Soviet alliance failed [SCAB], he turned to Germany. 8. Germany – Hitler wanted the alliance because only Russia could keep Britain’s promise to defend Poland. 4. Expansionist policies m. The three ways: xvi. Build up of armed forces – between 1932 and 1939 Germany increased navy from 30 to 95 warships. xvii. Control of government by military – Hitler gave a key roe to the army, and openly said that he was going to go to war to gain lebensraum in the east. xviii. Aggressive foreign policy - Germany marched into the Rhineland (1936) and many other things like Austria and the Sudetenland (1938) 5. Policy of appeasement n. The five most important: xix. Some

Why Is It Important That We Distinguish Between...

Describe in your own words what appropriation is and what role and implications it has in the making of contemporary art. Appropriation is where you use reference to an artist’s work, within your own. This is the use of borrowed elements as a reproduction of someone’s ideas, thoughts and subject matter. It is a direct and intentional decision to re-contextualise and ‘appropriate’ the artwork creating a new and unique work. It must be clear that this artworks ideas have been sought from a previous artwork, they must make reference to the original artworks artist. Why is it important that we distinguish between appropriation and copying or visual Plagiarism? This is important to protect a creator s moral and economic rights and integrity of their work: So they are recognised as the creator of their work (no one else is identified as the creator) able to protect their work from derogatory treatment; inappropriate modification, distortion or other interference with its integrity. Appropriation is not copying or visual plagiarism. In the collaborative work by Martin Sharp and Tim Lewis pictured below. Describe this work in relation to your understanding of the issues related to appropriation. Martin Sharp and Tim Lewis’s 1973 Synthetic polymer painting â€Å"Marilyn† clearly borrows elements and re-contextualises both Vincent Van Gogh’s infamous 1888 Oil Painting â€Å"Sunflowers† and Andy Warhol’s Marilyn. The 1968 Copyright Act protects original artists from having their workShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesobjectives. 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading the unit, you will understand how: †¢ †¢ †¢ To learn the evolution of marketing as a discipline To understand the reasons why marketing is considered important in this era To assess the various marketing approaches and principles 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing has evolved into a very important functional area in management basically due to the increasing supply and lower demand over the years. This is primarily through the competitive intensity in everyRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Training and Staff Development for Established Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Performance Appraisals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Why Appraisals Are Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 When to Do Appraisals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Who Does the Appraisals?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Problems in Rating. . . . . . . .

Plagiarism Plagiarism And Plagiarism - 1147 Words

Plagiarism Plagiarism is a major ethical risk in the academic research community (Martin et al., 2009). It is the act of presenting someone else work as one own work whether in full or partially. Several studies have explored the unethical component of plagiarism to students and researcher (Amodeo et al., 2005; Gullifer Tyson, 2010). The emergence of Internet technologies increases the risk of plagiarism in contemporary research since most plagiarism is escalated b computer technologies where online database coalesces a large amount of data (Boo et al., 2011). Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty (Sutherland-Smith, 2005; Martin et al., 2009). It is an act of theft in academia for intellectual work. Plagiarism prevention argues†¦show more content†¦Information gathered from the research subjects must be managed appropriately to protect the subject’s identity. For instance, in a study seeking to query the compensation practices for employees of an organization, it is important to protect employee identity so that employees are not biased by the HRM based on the responses they make in the research process. Confidentiality allows the subjects to avail as much information as possible or withhold as much information as possible. In drawing the confidentiality required while conducting research, the utilitarian theory proposes that confidentiality in research should be to the benefit of the society. In deontological perspective, confidentiality perceives confidentiality and privacy to be under the moral duty of performing research. Privacy and confidentiality are especially critical in qualitative-based research where the researcher conduct research on a relatively small sample on a personal basis using reports from interview transcripts (National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine, 2009). 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Watershed Sample Essay Example For Students

Watershed Sample Essay This preparation faculty introduces watershed ecology. Understanding watershed construction and natural procedures is important to hold oning how human activities can degrade or better the status of a watershed. including its H2O quality. its fish and wildlife. its woods and other flora. and the quality of community life for people who live at that place. Knowing these watershed structural and functional features and how people can impact them sets the phase for effectual watershed direction. After finishing this preparation. the participant should cognize the basic biotic and abiotic constituents of water partings. the basic natural procedures and interrelatednesss happening in water partings. and how watershed construction and maps may change in clip and infinite. Some background in the life scientific disciplines is helpful for groking this stuff. but non required. We will write a custom essay on Watershed Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now GoalsThe purposes of this unit are to: 1. Introduce footings and constructs associated with watershed ecology. 2. Describe typical watershed construction and how watersheds work. at different geographic graduated tables and through clip. 3. Supply related illustrations of modern-day issues in watershed ecology. DefinitionsWatershed. An country of land that drains H2O. deposit and dissolved stuffs to a common receiving organic structure or mercantile establishment. The term is non restricted to come up H2O overflow and includes interactions with subsurface H2O. Watersheds vary from the largest river basins to merely estates or less in size. Watershed Ecology. The survey of water partings as ecosystems. chiefly the analysis of interacting biotic and abiotic constituents within a watershed’s boundaries. Ecosystem. A functioning natural unit with interacting biotic and abiotic constituents in a system whose boundaries are determined by the rhythms and flux of energy. stuffs and beings. It is valid to depict different ecosystems with different. overlapping sets of boundaries in the same geographic country ( e. g. forest ecosystems. watershed ecosystems and wetland ecosystems ) . A watershed is merely one of many types of ecosystems. Watershed ecology is indispensable cognition for watershed directors because it teaches us that water partings have structural and functional features that can act upon how human and natural communities coexist within them. The gross construction of a watershed — its headwaters country. side inclines. vale floor. and H2O organic structure. every bit good as its dirts. minerals. native workss and animate beings — are. in one sense. natural stuff for all the human activities that may potentially happen there ( Figure 1 ) . The watershed’s natural procedures — rainfall overflow. groundwater recharge. sediment conveyance. works sequence. and many others — supply good services when working decently. but may do catastrophes when misunderstood and disrupted. It is important for WATERSHED ACADEMY WEB Peoples to understand water partings and how they work before they make determinations or take actions that may impact of import watershed structural or functional features. This faculty introduces watershed ecology by covering the undermentioned subjects ( Figure 2 ) : Major landscape-defining procedures: the physical templet. This subdivision covers the physical procedures which are determining forces of ecosystems. Climate. hydrology. and geomorphology provide the templet upon which all life is finally based. The biological scene. This subdivision discusses the footings and constructs associated with ecosystem scientific discipline as it relates to life works and carnal communities. Natural systems construct. This subdivision discusses how water partings behave as natural Figure 1. Peoples need to larn about utile natural procedures in water partings to maintain acquiring the benefits of systems and depict how different-sized these procedures while avoiding injury to themselves and water partings operate on assorted spacial and their belongings. temporal graduated tables. This subdivision besides introduces construction and map. two critical constructs for apprehension and managing water partings and ecosystems. Watershed construction. This subdivision defines the assorted forms of physical construction formed by both the life and inanimate watershed constituents. Watershed maps. This subdivision covers watershed maps and processes — critical cyclic events necessary to the continuance of life in aquatic and tellurian systems. and the beginning of significant ecological services and benefits to our human communities as good. .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .postImageUrl , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:hover , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:visited , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:active { border:0!important; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:active , .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafae8cf0af871b92a87c68c1bfa7582e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fahrenheit 451 Brave New World (Man And Society) EssayFigure 2. Five chief elements of watershed ecology The Physical TemplateWithin the watershed. assorted signifiers of affair. including H2O. are in changeless cyclic flow. Through these procedures. an abiotic ( inanimate ) templet of air. H2O. and dirt is formed. upon which life can be. The physical templet of watershed construction is finally determined by changing combinations of climatic. geomorphic. and hydrologic procedures ( Figure 3 ) . Figure 3. The physical templet determines watershed Climatology. the scientific discipline of clime construction and its causes. becomes of import in understanding regional issues in watershed scientific discipline ( Figure 4 ) . Though sometimes used synonymously with conditions. clime is really a distinguishable term with of import ecological branchings. Climate refers to an sum of both mean and utmost conditions of temperature. humidness. and precipitation ( including type and sum ) . air currents. and cloud screen. measured over an drawn-out period of clip. Weather refers to presentday environmental conditions ; current temperatures and meteoric events make up conditions. non climate. Long-run conditions tendencies set up norms which become climatic governments. Climate to a great extent influences watershed flora communities. streamflow magnitude and timing. H2O temperature. and many other key watershed features. Figure 4. Climatic factors Geology is defined as the scientific discipline centered around the survey of assorted earth constructions. procedures. composings. features. and histories. Geomorphology. nevertheless. refers specifically to the survey of the landforms on the Earth and the procedures that change them over clip ( Figure 5 ) . Fluvial geomorphology. mentioning to construction and kineticss of watercourse and river corridors. is particularly of import to understanding the formation and change of the watercourse or river channel every bit good as the inundation field and associated highland transitional zone ; this is a critical subject for effectual. long-run watershed direction. Figure 5. Geomorphology helps explicate river and watershed signifier. One of the vital rhythms we are most familiar with is the hydrologic rhythm ( Figure 6 ) . This rhythm is a natural. solar-driven procedure of vaporization. condensation. precipitation. and overflow. Hydrology is the scientific discipline of H2O. as it relates to the hydrologic rhythm. More specifically. it is the scientific discipline of H2O in all its signifiers ( liquid. gas. and solid ) on. in and over the land countries of the Earth. including its distribution. circulation and behaviour. its chemical and physical belongingss. together with the reaction of the environment ( including all living things ) on H2O itself. The planetary H2O budget ( Figure 7 ) adds farther penetration into the H2O resources of our planet.